മാധ്യമങ്ങളുടെ കണ്‍കെട്ടുവിദ്യ

em-hv-en-³hn-j-bw- B-hÀ-¯-\-hn-c-k-X-bp-Å-Xm-sW-¦n-epw- ar-X-{]m-b-am-b- AXn-\v- \-h-Po-h-³ \ð-Im-³ tI-c-f-¯n-se- h-e-Xp-]-£- am-[y-a-§Ä- B-h-iym-\p-k-c-Ww- ]-e- {]-tbm-K-hpw- \-S-¯n-h-cp-óp-ïv.- A-Xv- H-cp-X-cw- I--sI-«p-hn-Zy-bm-Wv.- tI-{µw- `-cn-¡p-ó- c-ïmw- bp-]n-F- kÀ-¡mÀ- A-gn-a-Xn-bp-sS- B-g-¡-S-enð- ap-§n-¯m-gp-t¼mÄ- c-£-s¸-Sm-\p-Å- hy-{K-X-bnð- Im-en-«-Sn-¡p-ó-Xm-Wv- \mw- Im-Wp-ó-Xv.- 2Pn- kv-s]-{Îw- A-gn-a-Xn-bnð- 1.-76 e-£w- tIm-Sn- cq-]- tI-{µ- J-P-\m-hn-\v- \-ãw-h-ó-Xm-bm-Wv- Iw-]v-t{Sm-fÀ- B-³Uv- Hm-Un-äv- P-\-dð- I-sï-¯n-b-Xv-.- C-{X-bpw- `o-a-am-b- Xp-I- \-ãw-h-cp-¯p-ó-Xn-\v- D-¯-c-hm-Zn-bm-b- tI-{µ- sS-en-tImw-a-{´n- a-{´n-k-`-bnð- Xp-S-cp-ó-Xnð- kp-{]ow-tIm-S-Xn- B-i-¦- {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-óp.- tIm-a--shð-¯v- sK-bnw-kv- \-S-¯n-¸n-ep-ïm-b- e-Öm-I-c-am-b- A-gn-aXn-bp-sS-t]-cnð- tIm--{K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- kp-tc-jv- Ið-am-Un-¡v- Øm-\w- \-ã-s¸-«p.- a-säm-cp- {]-Xn-bm-b- Uð-ln- ap-Jy-a-{´n- jo-e -Zo-£n-Xv- Xð-¡m-ew- c-£-s¸-«p-\nð-¡p-I-bm-Wv.- ImÀ-Knð- bp-²-`-S-òmÀ-¡v- ^v-fm-äv- \nÀ-an-¨-Xn-sâ- t]-cn-ep-Å- A-gn-a-Xn-bp-sS -t]-cnð- a-lm-cm-{ã- ap-Jy-a-{´n- A-tim-Iv- N-hm-³ cm-Pn-h-s¨m-gn-bm-³ \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-\m-bn.- N-hm-sâ- a-{´n-k-`-bn-se- d-h-\yq-a-{´n- dm-W-bpw- A-gn-a-Xn-bnð- ]-¦m-fn-bm-sW-óv- h-ón-cn-¡p-óp.- C-cp-¼-bncv-- J-\-\-hp-am-bn- _-Ô-s¸-«- sR-«n-¸n-¡p-ó- A-gn-a-Xn- th-sd-bp-ap-ïv.- tI-c-f-¯nð-\n-óp-Å- a-{´n-bm-bn-cp-ó- i-in X-cqÀ- cm-Pn-h-s¨m-gn-tb-ïn-h-ó-Xv- sF-]n-Fð- A-gn-a-Xn-bp-sS- t]-cn-em-Wv-.- c-ïmw- bp-]n-F- kÀ-¡m-cn-s\- aq-Sn-bn-cn-¡p-ó Cu- -A-gn-a-Xn-¡q-¼m-c-¯n-sâ- ZpÀ-K-Ôw- a-d-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m-\m-Wv- C-t¸mÄ- ho-ïpw- em-hv-en-³ tI-knð- lm-P-cm-b- H-cp- h-¡o-en-sâ- _m-en-i-am-b- hm-Zw- eo-Uv- hmÀ-¯-bm-bn- a-e-bm-f-a-t\m-c-a- A-¨-Sn-¨p-hn-«-Xv.- am-Xr-`q-an-bpw- h-f-sc- {]m-[m-\y-t¯m-sS- hmÀ-¯- \ð-In-bn-«p-ïv.- kn-_n-sF-¡p-th-ïn- lm-P-cm-b- h-¡o-en-sâ- hm-Z-K-Xn-bnð- I-g-¼n-sñ-óv- A-dn-ªp-sIm-ïp-X-só-bm-Wv- h-e-Xp-]-£- am-[y-a-§Ä- hm-b-\-¡m-sc- sX-än-²-cn-¸n-¡p-ó- co-Xn-bn-ð- Cu- hmÀ-¯- {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv.- kn-_n-sF-¡p-th-ïn- h-¡oð- ]-d-ª-Xv- ]n-W-dm-bn- hn-P-b-s\-Xn-sc- t{]m-kn-Iyq-j-³ A-\p-a-Xn- \ð-Im-Xn-cp-ó- a-{´n-k-`-bp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\w- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-²-hpw- ]-£-]m-X-]-c-hpam--sW-óm-Wv.- k-Xy-k-Ô-am-bpw- \n-jv-]-£-am-bpw- hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I-bm-sW-¦n-ð,--tI-c-f- K-hÀ-W-dp-sS- \-S-]-Sn-sbbm-Wv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-²-hpw- ]-£-]m-X-]-c-hpw- cm-{ão-b-t{]-cn-X-hpsa-óv- hn-fn-¡m-\m-hp-I.- em-hv-en-³ tI-kn-sâ- N-cn-{Xw- F-ñm-hÀ-¡p-w- A-dn-bm-hp-ó-Xm-Wv.- 1995epw- 1996 s^-{_p-h-cn-bn-ep-am-Wv- ]-Ån-hm-kð,- ]-ón-bmÀ,- si-¦p-fw- P-e-ssh-Zyp-X-]-²-Xn-I-fp-sS- \-ho-I-c-W-¯n-\v- I-\-U-bn-se- em-hv-en-³ I-¼-\n-sb Isï¯n-bXpw- [m-c-Wm-]-{Xw- H-¸n-«-Xpw- I-cm-sdm-¸n-«-Xpw.- bp-Un-F-^v- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ- Im-e-am-WXv.- tIm--{K-kv- t\-Xm-hv- ImÀ-¯n-tI-b-\m-bn-cp-óp- _-Ô-s¸-«- a-{´n.- AXn-sâ Xp-SÀ-¨bm-bp-Å A´n-aI-cm-dn-em-Wv- ]n-W-dm-bn- hn-P-b-sâ-Im-e-¯v- H-¸n-«-Xv.- cm--{ão-b Zp-cp-t±iy-t¯m-sS tIkv- sI«n-¨a¨t¸mÄ,- ImÀ-¯n-tIbs\ kn-_n-sF Hgn-hm-¡n.- ImÀ-¯n-tI-b-sâ- ]-¦v- A-t\z-jn-¡-W-sa-óv- {]tXy-I- tIm-S-Xn- kn-_n-sF-¡v- \nÀ-tZ-iw- \ð-In-bn-«v- Hó-c-hÀ-j-am-bn.- A-t\z-j-W-K-Xn-sb-s´-óv- am-[y-a-§Ä- A-t\z-jn-¡p-ón-ñ.- A-Xm-Wv- em-hv-en³- hn-jb¯n-se - cm-{ão-b-h-iw.- bp-Un-F-^v- `-c-W-Im-e-¯m-Wv- em-hv-en-³ tI-kv- A-t\z-jn-¡m-³ hn-Pn-e-³kn-s\- Np-a-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv.- hn-Pn-e³--kv- A-t\z-j-Ww- ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n- A-ó-s¯- hn-Pn-e-³kv- U-b-d-ÎÀ- D-t]-{µ-hÀ-a- A-t\z-j-W-dn-t¸mÀ-«v- D-½-³Nm-ïn-¡v- \ð-In-b-Xm-Wv.- tI-kv- Xr-iq-cn-se- hn-Pn-e-³kv- tIm-S-Xn-bnð- k-aÀ-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A-t\z-j-W-dn-t¸mÀ-«nð- ]n-W-dm-bn- hn-P-b-s\- {]-Xn-bm-¡m-¯-Xnð- £p-`n-X-\m-bm-Wv- D-½-³Nm-ïn- D-t]-{µ-hÀ-a-sb- U-b-d-ÎÀ-Øm-\-¯p-\n-óv- am-än-b-Xv.- sX-c-sª-S-p-¸p- I-ao-j-³ C-S-s]-«m-Wv- ho-ïpw- U-b-d-ÎÀ-Øm-\-¯v- \n-b-an-¨-Xv.- cm-{ão-b-e-£y-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv- ho-ïpw- tI-kv- kn-_n-sF- At\z-j-W-¯n-\v- hn-«-Xv.- kn-_n-sF- X§fp-sS cm--{ão-b bPam-\òm-cp-sS Cw-Kn-X¯n-\\p-kcn-¨p-Å At\z-j-W-dn-t¸mÀ-«v- \ð-In; t{]m-kn-Iyq-j³- A\p-aXn-¡m-bn- Bhiy-ap-óbn-¨p.- A¡m-cyw- NÀ-¨-sN-bv-X- tI-c-f- a-{´n-k-`- \n-b-am-\p-k-c-Ww- A-Uz-¡-äv- P-\-d-en-sâ- \n-b-tam-]-tZ-i-¯n-\m-bn- A-b-¨p-sIm-Sp-¯p.- A-Uz-¡-äv- P-\-dð- dn-t¸mÀ-«v- kq-£v-a-am-bn- ]-Tn-¨v- kÀ-¡m-cn-\v- \n-b-tam-]-tZ-iw- \ð-In.- AXn-sâ ASn-Øm-\¯nð- t{]m-kn-Iyq-j-³ A-\p-a-Xn- \-ð--tI-ï-Xn-sñ-óv- kz-X-{´-am-bpw- \n-jv-]-£-am-bpw- Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p-I-bm-Wv- a-{´n-k-`- sN-bv-X-Xv.- tI-{µ-þ -kw-Øm-\- tIm--{K-kv- t\-Xm-¡-fp-sS- cm-{ão-b-e-£yw- t\-Sp-ó-Xn-\v- k-lm-bw- \ð-Im-³ K-hÀ--WÀ-¡v- _m-[y-X-bp-ïm-bn-cn-¡mw.- F-ómð,- kn-]n-sF- Fw- kw-Øm-\- sk-{I-«-dn- ]n-W-dm-bn- hn-P-b-\v- \o-Xn- \n-tj-[n-¡-W-sa-óv- tI-c-f-¯n-se- Fð-Un-F-^v- t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å- a-{´n-k-`-bv-¡v- Xmð-¸-cy-an-ñ.- em-hv-en-³ I-¼-\n-bp-am-bn- [m-c-Wm-]-{X-hpw- I-cm-dpw- H-¸n-«-Im-e-s¯- ssh-Zyp-Xn-a-{´n- ImÀ-¯n-tI-b-s\- H-gn-hm-¡p-I-bpw- A-´n--a-I-cm-dnð- H-¸n-«- ]n-W-dm-bn- hn-P-bs\- {]-Xn-¸-«n-I-bnð- DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-Xv- \-á-am-b- cm-{ão-b- hn-th-N-\-am-sW-óv- kn-_n-sF tIm-SXn--¡v- {]-Y-a-Zr-ãym- tXm-ón-b-Xv- am-[y-a-§Ä-¡v- I--sI-«p-hn-Zy-sIm-ïv- a-d-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m-³ I-gn-bp-I-bn-ñ-tñm.- tI-c-f-¯nð- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn- sX-c-sª-Sp-¯- \n-b-a-k-`-bpw- a-{´n-k-`-bp-ap-ïv.- a-{´n-k-`-bp-sS- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-b- Xo-cp-am\w- Xn-c-kv-I-cn-¨v- K-hÀ-WÀ- \n-b-a-hn-cp-²-am-bn,- tkz-Ñm-[n-]-Xy-]-c-am-bn- t{]m-kn-Iyq-j-³ A-\p-a-Xn- \ð-In-b-Xm-Wv- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-cp-²-hpw- ]-£-]m-X-]-c-hp-am-b- \-S-]-Sn.- A-Uz-¡-äv- P-\-d-en-sâ- \n-b-tam-]-tZ-iw- kz-o-Im-cy-a-sñ-óp-h-ómð- A-tämÀ-Wn- P-\-d-en-sâtbm- tkm-fn-kn-äÀ- P-\-den-sâtbm- \n-b-tam-]-tZ-iw- tX-Sm-sX- kz-´-am-bn- H-cp- dn-«-tbÀ-Uv- P-Uv-Pn-sb- sX-c-ªp-]n-Sn-¨v- \n-b-tam-]-tZ-iw- tX-Sn-b-Xv- kZp--t±-iy--t¯m-sS-bm-sW-óv- Øm-]n-¡m-³ I-gn-bn-ñ.- K-hÀ-W-dp-sS-tað- I-Sp-¯- cm-{ão-b-k-½À-Z-ap-ïm-bn-cp-óp-sh-ó-Xv- c-l-ky-a-ñ.- C-sXm-s¡- a-d-¨v- kn-_n-sF- ta-[m-hn-I-fp-sS- P-\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[-hpw- \n-jv-]-£-X-bpw- s]m-¡n-¸n-Sn-¡p-ó- I--sI-«p-hn-Zy- bp-]n-F- kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ- A-gn-a-Xn-¡v- a-d-bm--¡m-sa-óp- I-cp-tX-ï-Xn-ñ.- A-Sp-¯- \n-b-a-k-`m -sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v- e-£y-am-¡n-bm-Wv- A-]-hm-Z-{]-Nm-c-Ww- B-hÀ-¯n-¡p-ó-sX-¦nð-,- A-Xv- Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-\p-Å- I-gn-hv- Dð-_p-²-X-bp-Å- tI-c-fo-bÀ¡p-sïóv- am-[y-a- kn-³Un-¡-äv- a-\-Ên-em-¡p-sa-¦nð- \-ñ-Xm-Wv.-